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麗江翻譯公司關鍵字：Necessary to point out, people always attached importance to "surplus" to the role of social development and progress, that "surplus" is to produce commodity exchange, stimulate prerequisite for social development. This is also the scholars in the study, emphasis on "labor productivity" for a reason, because only the higher labor productivity, the remaining product to appear, it may promote the development of society. But this is a misunderstanding. Because society can develop and progress, the key is not to have surplus product and how much surplus product, but rather what these surplus products can play a role. In other words, examining the history of social development and progress, not to determine when the "labor productivity" level, but rather was the product of the exchange can promote the development of (the exchange is not necessarily a "residual product" but " different products "). In ancient and modern Chinese history, as product differentiation is small, people will have the product shipped to regional differences in the exchange, but also than the direct cost of producing the required products higher price, so it's a reasonable choice is to adjust the product structure meet the demand, so the community can only maintain self-sufficiency status. This period of abundance in the sparsely populated land, the higher "productivity" out of the surplus product produced, or will be the rulers together to build ambitious national project (Metrical, Great Wall, Grand Canal, etc.) or to launch a large scale war (counter Hun Han, Emperor conquest of Korea, Kublai Khan attacked Japan, etc.), or in accordance with the proliferation of Malthusian population theory to clarify (as long as the means of subsistence growth, population growth will be firmly) into all for the population, after a period of time later the population reached saturation, so that labor productivity dropped to barely subsistence level (Huang said subsistence agriculture). Then if you encounter serious natural disasters, land productivity did not saturated population dependent on large-scale uprising and war, so the society a new round of dynasty cycle ... ...
Huang believes that although the total amount of the Ming and Qing Jiangnan economy may be growing, but per capita per day is reduced, and the "labor productivity" not only did not increase but declined. It should be recognized that the situation on the south Wong judge is realistic. From Economics, said the phenomenon is "the law of diminishing marginal returns," the result. Of course, if the "law of diminishing marginal returns" effect at the same time, technological advances have caused productivity to be offset, then there will not be diminishing returns or even increase. Of the fact that technological progress does not appear there, can not offset the increased labor force caused by the diminishing returns, so it was "involution" phenomenon. Obviously, the "involution" is not the cause of the Ming and Qing Jiangnan economic stagnation, but the economic stagnation of the performance or results.
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